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How do you differentiate a polynomial?
Differentiate each term separately using the power rule: for axⁿ, multiply by the power and reduce the power by one, giving naxⁿ⁻¹. A term in x becomes a constant and a…
What are the laws of logarithms?
The three main laws are: log a + log b = log(ab), log a − log b = log(a ÷ b), and log(aⁿ) = n log a. They hold for any base as long as both logs use the same base. A…
How do you integrate a polynomial?
Integrate each term separately: for axⁿ, add one to the power and divide by the new power, giving axⁿ⁺¹/(n + 1). Always add a constant of integration, + c, for an…
How do you calculate momentum and use conservation of momentum?
Momentum = mass × velocity, written p = mv, in kilogram metres per second (kg m/s). In a collision or explosion with no external forces, total momentum before equals…
How do you calculate the number of moles?
Number of moles = mass ÷ molar mass, written n = m ÷ M. Use the mass in grams and the molar mass in g/mol, which you get by adding the relative atomic masses from the…
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells and is used for growth and repair. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells (gametes such as…
How do enzymes work?
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts: they speed up reactions without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape that only fits…
What is the structure of DNA?
DNA is a double helix: two strands twisted around each other. Each strand is a chain of nucleotides, and each nucleotide has a sugar, a phosphate and one of four bases…
How do you analyse a poem in an exam?
Work out what the poem is about and how the speaker feels, then explain how the poet creates that meaning through language, structure and form. For each point, quote a…
When do you use the subjunctive in French?
The subjunctive is used after que when the main clause expresses a wish, a necessity, an emotion, a doubt, or after certain conjunctions. Typical triggers are il faut…
What is the law of supply and demand?
The law of demand says that as the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded falls. The law of supply says that as the price rises, the quantity supplied rises. The…
What is inflation and what causes it?
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level, which means each unit of money buys less. It is usually measured by the change in a consumer price index over a…
What is double-entry bookkeeping?
Double-entry bookkeeping records every transaction twice: once as a debit in one account and once as a credit in another, for the same amount. This keeps the accounting…
What is a trial balance and why is it prepared?
A trial balance is a list of all the ledger account balances at a given date, with debit balances in one column and credit balances in the other. Because of double…
How should I revise for exams?
The most effective revision is active, spaced out and based on practice. Test yourself instead of rereading notes, spread each topic over several short sessions across…